![]() Video-recording systems have been developed to observe the Daphnia magna movements. EC50 and LC50 are assessed using biomarkers such as the locomotory responses of Daphnia magna. The second is lethal concentration 50 (LC50), which is the concentration of a substance in water that results in the death of at least 50% of the tested population of the aquatic life. The first is the median effective concentration (EC50), which is the concentration of a substance in an environmental medium expected to produce a certain effect in at least 50% of the test organisms (usually planktonic, crustacean, and Daphnia) in a given population under a defined set of conditions. The ecotoxicity of a pollutant can be measured using two indicators. In particular, the locomotory responses of Daphnia magna have been widely used in ecotoxicology because they are sensitive to various toxicants. Biomarkers, such as locomotory responses, living characteristics of Daphnia magna and planktonic, and reproductive effects of Daphnia magna have recently attracted considerable attention 2, 3, 4. Moreover, Daphnia magna is easier to culture in laboratory conditions compared with other organisms. Daphnia magna is a useful bioindicator in toxicology because it is sensitive to toxic substances and has a short life cycle 1. These organisms (or communities of organisms) provide information on the changes in the environment or the quantity of environmental pollutants by changing physiologically, chemically, or behaviorally. Bioindicators are organisms or biological responses that reveal the presence of pollutants by exhibiting typical symptoms or measurable responses. ![]() In the field of ecotoxicity, bioindicators are important in assessing whether aquatic environments are ecotoxic. Finally, we observed Daphnia magna behavioral responses in different concentrations after 0, 12, 18, and 24 h and found that there was a difference in movement according to the concentration at all hours. Both measurements conformed to the guideline provided by the Environmental Protection Agency of the United States therefore, our method can be used for water quality monitoring. The median effective concentration of Potassium dichromate measured in the laboratory and using the device was 1.519 and 1.414, respectively. Toxicity was measured manually in the laboratory and automatically using the high-throughput video tracking system. ![]() We conducted an experiment to observe the impact of toxicants on behavioral responses. Moreover, it was faster than existing tracking systems such as Lolitrack and Ctrax. The proposed tracking system with random forest performed the best in terms of identification (ID) precision, ID recall, ID F1 measure, and ID switches, with scores of 79.64%, 80.63%, 78.73%, and 16, respectively. To measure Daphnia magna movements, we developed a tracking algorithm for automatic background subtraction using k-means clustering, Daphnia classification using machine learning methods (random forest and support vector machine), and tracking each Daphnia magna location using the simple online real-time tracking algorithm. The video tracking system consisted of a constant temperature module, natural pseudo-light, multi-flow cell, and an imaging camera for recording videos. This study aimed to develop a faster and better high-throughput video tracking system using machine learning methods. Specifically, speed is affected in the biomarker detection stage. ![]() However, existing systems are lacking in speed and accuracy. ![]() These high-throughput systems, used for high-speed analysis of multiple organisms, are essential for efficiently testing ecotoxicity. Over the last several years, multiple high-throughput video tracking systems have been developed to measure the locomotory responses of Daphnia magna. Its locomotory responses as a biomarker are highlighted in many studies. Daphnia magna is an important organism in ecotoxicity studies because it is sensitive to toxic substances and easy to culture in laboratory conditions. ![]()
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